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[Music]

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greetings friends of astrobiology

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welcome to a brand new episode of asking

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astrobiologists a show where we

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celebrate science and celebrate

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scientists my name is Sanjay saman this

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program is made possible by

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contributions from the NASA Astrobiology

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program and the non profit blue mobile

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space last month I had the great

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privilege of speaking with dr. Colin

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robot of the University of Victoria and

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we talked about a bunch of different

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topics going from the early earth all

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the way to the exoplanets using the

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tools and insights that come from

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atmospheric sciences and today we're

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going to do the same journey by looking

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on much smaller scales at the tool of

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molecular genetics and my guest today is

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going to be dr. batulcar

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of the university of arizona which we're

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very excited to talk to but first it's

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time for your field challenge quiz the

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competition formerly known as the

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background quiz but right now my studio

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is my kitchen so we have to do something

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new so Mike if you could put up the feel

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many of you got it right as you can tell

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it is Lake Salle des in turkey it is the

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Maldives of the turkey beautiful white

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sand and it's very unique it's a bit of

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alkaline water pH a little higher the

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neutral 8 or 9 and that prevents

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bruising or undersea of microbial mats

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that form using a specific mineral

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called hydro magnesite structures are

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called stromatolites and some of those

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these stromatolites are some of the

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evidence of the oldest lives on earth

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many exist in the fossil records that

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are over two and a half almost 3 plus

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billion years old

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so these astrobiology field side of

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locational interests like the one in

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like zelda allows scientists to get an

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insight of how life existed back then

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our big winner for this competition is

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at Azul bin Oba congratulations for

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getting it right you will win the

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astrobiology graphics novel but in his

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time of sheltering from home I have no

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means to get them to you so but in any

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case please DM us your address and we'll

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ship them to you whenever we can but you

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know that you can download all these

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graphic novels online and at Michael's

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set up the URL for you all to see so

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thank you very much for playing this

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week's feel challenge I wouldn't give

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another big shout out to our ambassador

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of the month this is one of you who does

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more than the usual to promote our

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program on the interwebs on Twitter on

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Facebook on instagrams and whoever all

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he might exist online thank you so much

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this show is only successful because you

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share it to your friends and family and

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to your followers so this month

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ambassador of the month is once again

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birthing from other hit who tweets as at

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birth in that space thank you so much

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for your support perfectness awesome to

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have you in the show so I'm excited

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today to welcome astrobiologists

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extraordinaire dr. Betty Lucas ah a

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professor at the University of Arizona I

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think one of the very few if not the

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only professor in the United States if

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not the world that has a dual

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appointment in both cell biology and

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astronomy a true mark of an

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astrobiologist but you thank you so much

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for being on the program with us today

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thanks for having me

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like and we enjoy doing in the show is

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turned back to wheels of time a little

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bit and get back into the child that I

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was looking into space that you were and

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he could share perhaps an anecdote or a

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story when you were young that got you

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excited about science and space because

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I think moments look at those face and

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ok the stars and think what is out there

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are the alone in the universe I am NOT

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one of those kids I didn't even think

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that in a career that involved space and

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stars was waiting for me in the future

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so my I would say I was actually

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thinking about this because I knew you

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were gonna ask me that moment and so I

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was doing some soul-searching this

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morning while washing the dishes you

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know moving back back back back all the

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way back I think they wanna clearest

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moments that I had is related to a movie

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I watched and it is not about the movie

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itself but the way the movie was

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portraying the scientists in the movie

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so that will be it and the talking and

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thinking about that movie a lot where

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they have the scientists here that is

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exploring well not the rocks per se but

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mysteries that are embedded in Pyramus

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and and then gets transported to another

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dimension and finds out a completely

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different civilization that wasn't

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necessarily originated in other planets

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but nevertheless equals another

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differently than our own civilization

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here on earth so I think what's what is

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interesting about that movie was that it

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portrays a scientist that wasn't

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necessarily a masculine sort of dorky

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character that I couldn't relate to I

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was thinking actually how feminine or

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even actually non-binary the character

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was that was different than those

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generals in the movie who were dictating

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him what to do and whatnot so I think I

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related to that character and meets that

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character made me think that I can do

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this because I am also someone that was

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very curious I still am I think it

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started with that that love for

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archaeology the past exploration

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unknowns knowing different masters and

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civilizations

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wonderful you are highlighted recently

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in an article by UN Women in which

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there's a beautiful quote by by you

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which I want to reiterate to our viewers

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a girl was determination can change the

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world how is it for you who grew up in

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in Turkey and then made your way to

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becoming a professor at the University

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of Arizona one of the elite institutions

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in a country if not the world you tell

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us a little bit about your academic path

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and how that went along is not a very

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sort of straightforward one and I think

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you can delete this I think who does in

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the field of astrobiology I think it

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takes it's not only outside the box that

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there is no box right the box is not

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existing but my career started I was

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actually my undergrad was in chemistry

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and my PhD also was in chemistry so

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that's the sort of an unknown fact about

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me that I didn't starts my journey as a

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biologist but I studied the chemistry of

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biomolecules and I was fascinated by

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proteins and how they can change

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everything and it is true it's not just

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three things alone molecules I mean look

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it's the kids why are you at home right

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now why am I here because a molecule is

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threatening our own civilization here on

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earth see they are so impactful and so

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do to understand that I remember the

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moments the first time I actually got to

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realize that molecules are so impactful

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not just within the cell but they can

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impact human health they can impact the

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whole population whole ecosystem it's my

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mind was when I never went back I was in

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love it hooked I was an undergrad and I

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thought to myself that that's the fact

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that you can spend your entire life

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chasing whatever molecule this and more

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interestingly I think what it did in the

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past there's what was no going back for

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me so after that I started after I got

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my PhD I was actually medical school and

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I was studying proteins but there was

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something me that I think always was

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very bothered by the way we are studying

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biochemistry

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by the way we are trying to understand

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this

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and I felt that we are not really

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connecting it to the larger picture that

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is not necessarily our on you know

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planets like I thought you're not

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pointing to the space it's the largest

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stable possible and around that time

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which was about 2009 or 10 I was

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finishing my PhD I realized that NASA

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supported biological studies that seek

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answers to the questions that I was very

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deeply interested in that was very

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surprising for me because it's NASA

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you know why are they interested in

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microbes and that's how I discovered the

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astrobiology program and I I knocked on

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the well I actually did the to the door

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that's that's more like it

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and welcomed me and I've been working

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with Astro bells program since that's

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been ten years now it's wonderful

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because now your postdoc is the NASA

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Astrobiology funded postdoc is now in

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your lab doing Astro biological research

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with the tools that your lab have

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developed and so you're an expert in

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ancestral gene reconstruction another

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way of saying this is paleogenetics can

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you tell us a little bit about about

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about this field in general and how does

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it apply to astrobiology that was nice

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about astrobiology program and I think

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that's the the researchers that's

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challenged their worldview that

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challenged the way the new science and

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maybe study things so I think that's why

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since the time I started working at NASA

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we clicked visuality snow in terms of

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vision and one one thing and it was

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bothering me was that molecules are so

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impactful they change our planets is be

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speech and they continue to do so but we

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know very little about what they have

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done in the past so my postdoctoral

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studies focused on developing

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experimental systems that will allow us

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to study what many have have passed that

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shaped the planets the way we see today

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and and something that's very special I

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think that happened to me that doesn't

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happen follow the researchers there are

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actually multiple things but the main

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one was that I was able to transition

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from a medical field to a very

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fundamental basic ariel's

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research that I had no particular

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training for but then also brought just

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in the sense that I had to develop

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everything as we go so for the past 10

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years slowly and patiently I systems

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allow us to rewind the clock so to speak

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and allow us to molecules and the

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organisms that pushed them behaved in

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the past it is quite unusual I think

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because this day and age we are so

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focused on immediate results first and

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assistance that will give products right

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away and its really thinking about

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programs that found that they didn't

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expect an immediate outcome because a

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real research years years and

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development especially pioneering a new

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area of study so not only we are able to

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predict what the ancestral states of DNA

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may have been like what the proteins

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that we studied today and their

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ancestors maybe in the past they are now

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able to recall this resurrection that we

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bring them sort of - - to life so to

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speak to say what they do it is

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important to note that we may not be

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working with the truth right so if they

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are and you're dealing it the past when

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you're dealing it the past

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you never may never be able to capture

275
00:12:22,100 --> 00:12:17,760
what exactly happened and that is fine

276
00:12:25,640 --> 00:12:22,110
by me and I think by my I haven't I'm

277
00:12:27,560 --> 00:12:25,650
really lucky I have beliefs spirited you

278
00:12:28,910 --> 00:12:27,570
know hard-working team students working

279
00:12:31,460 --> 00:12:28,920
with me right now in postdocs

280
00:12:35,120 --> 00:12:31,470
I think we are aware that's it's not the

281
00:12:37,040 --> 00:12:35,130
pursue of the exact absolute truth but

282
00:12:37,670 --> 00:12:37,050
it is getting close to what may have

283
00:12:40,370 --> 00:12:37,680
happens

284
00:12:44,540 --> 00:12:40,380
getting extensive what's happened in the

285
00:12:47,670 --> 00:12:44,550
past and how molecules that we see today

286
00:12:51,300 --> 00:12:47,680
structured themselves over billions and

287
00:12:54,900 --> 00:12:51,310
billions years of time so more

288
00:12:58,590 --> 00:12:54,910
specifically you use existing biological

289
00:13:01,380 --> 00:12:58,600
machinery of cells and the news computer

290
00:13:03,270 --> 00:13:01,390
simulations to deduce what there could

291
00:13:05,730 --> 00:13:03,280
have been in the past using the tools of

292
00:13:08,550 --> 00:13:05,740
genetics and then reconstructs those

293
00:13:18,960 --> 00:13:08,560
ancient genes put them in live cells and

294
00:13:21,660 --> 00:13:18,970
see how they evolve back row dispense we

295
00:13:25,350 --> 00:13:21,670
start you can imagine that we are almost

296
00:13:28,140 --> 00:13:25,360
capturing all the languages that all the

297
00:13:29,610 --> 00:13:28,150
human populations study today this is

298
00:13:32,070 --> 00:13:29,620
similar to what we do at the DNA level

299
00:13:33,810 --> 00:13:32,080
be trying to capture all the DNA that

300
00:13:36,210 --> 00:13:33,820
belongs to all the microbial

301
00:13:38,520 --> 00:13:36,220
particularly organism studies today as

302
00:13:41,450 --> 00:13:38,530
much as we can as much as available at

303
00:13:44,310 --> 00:13:41,460
the sequence level and then we try to

304
00:13:47,460 --> 00:13:44,320
walk we walk our way back into the past

305
00:13:50,630 --> 00:13:47,470
and try to infer what the ancestral

306
00:13:53,550 --> 00:13:50,640
languages were so in some ways we are

307
00:13:57,080 --> 00:13:53,560
resurrecting ancient languages just like

308
00:14:00,570 --> 00:13:57,090
in circuits so we are trying to predict

309
00:14:02,790 --> 00:14:00,580
organisms spoke in the past and how

310
00:14:04,080 --> 00:14:02,800
deepen it is and we have a way of doing

311
00:14:05,640 --> 00:14:04,090
this in the sense that you're not

312
00:14:07,500 --> 00:14:05,650
necessarily going all the way into the

313
00:14:09,900 --> 00:14:07,510
past but you're trying to take snapshots

314
00:14:11,730 --> 00:14:09,910
between now and the past and now once

315
00:14:13,800 --> 00:14:11,740
once we reconstruct these ancestral

316
00:14:16,310 --> 00:14:13,810
genes and I need to point out that

317
00:14:18,120 --> 00:14:16,320
migrant is not the only group who are

318
00:14:20,730 --> 00:14:18,130
reconstructing ancient genes it's

319
00:14:25,800 --> 00:14:20,740
available selfish field right now but we

320
00:14:27,720 --> 00:14:25,810
are I think all of you and only these hi

321
00:14:32,490 --> 00:14:27,730
these ancient genes to understand our

322
00:14:35,520 --> 00:14:32,500
planets early condition so we focus on

323
00:14:39,540 --> 00:14:35,530
DNA and things in particular that we

324
00:14:44,730 --> 00:14:39,550
think impacted our planets as well so

325
00:14:47,010 --> 00:14:44,740
some of maybe any gloss over even the

326
00:14:49,640 --> 00:14:47,020
outside fields be listening to us right

327
00:14:52,250 --> 00:14:49,650
now they may be wondering wait a minute

328
00:14:57,269 --> 00:14:52,260
DNA and planets

329
00:14:59,790 --> 00:14:57,279
scale-wise is possible and what is yes

330
00:15:01,650 --> 00:14:59,800
I molecules are so cool it's like that

331
00:15:04,920 --> 00:15:01,660
you can expect

332
00:15:08,910 --> 00:15:04,930
diera protein molecule to impact the

333
00:15:10,889 --> 00:15:08,920
planets yeah and it's extraordinary for

334
00:15:15,340 --> 00:15:10,899
those of you who are watching make sure

335
00:15:19,910 --> 00:15:17,200
you watch on our Facebook life put them

336
00:15:22,530 --> 00:15:22,009
little bits thank you so much for all

337
00:15:24,000 --> 00:15:22,540
the

338
00:15:26,790 --> 00:15:24,010
are coming in it's awesome really

339
00:15:30,360 --> 00:15:26,800
appreciate it so last last month with

340
00:15:32,190 --> 00:15:30,370
Colin we taught about biogeochemical

341
00:15:34,830 --> 00:15:32,200
cycles how earth and life have

342
00:15:36,750 --> 00:15:34,840
co-evolved together over time and the

343
00:15:39,360 --> 00:15:36,760
air that the air on the planet has

344
00:15:41,730 --> 00:15:39,370
changed substantially and and the planet

345
00:15:43,890 --> 00:15:41,740
today would look nothing like it did if

346
00:15:46,290 --> 00:15:43,900
life had not occurred and so the tools

347
00:15:49,380 --> 00:15:46,300
you are using are able to work out some

348
00:15:52,110 --> 00:15:49,390
insights into linking the environment in

349
00:15:54,600 --> 00:15:52,120
which those bicycle products came to be

350
00:15:56,820 --> 00:15:54,610
one it won over the example is is

351
00:16:00,180 --> 00:15:56,830
nitrogen fixation so the process of

352
00:16:02,280 --> 00:16:00,190
taking very chemically stable triple

353
00:16:04,230 --> 00:16:02,290
bonded nitrogen breaking it down and

354
00:16:06,000 --> 00:16:04,240
bring it the nitrogen into the

355
00:16:07,920 --> 00:16:06,010
biological cell because nitrogen is such

356
00:16:10,590 --> 00:16:07,930
a fundamental piece of the molecular

357
00:16:12,660 --> 00:16:10,600
machinery and that needed an innovation

358
00:16:15,750 --> 00:16:12,670
in enzymes enzymes are proteins which

359
00:16:18,690 --> 00:16:15,760
your study and and you've spend a lot of

360
00:16:20,550 --> 00:16:18,700
time thinking about how is early

361
00:16:22,800 --> 00:16:20,560
molecules that were able to break down

362
00:16:27,360 --> 00:16:22,810
his nitrogen evolved over time and some

363
00:16:34,170 --> 00:16:29,910
important to note that entire field of

364
00:16:38,670 --> 00:16:34,180
geobiology also say innovated youngish

365
00:16:43,860 --> 00:16:38,680
peel and you know what does work on

366
00:16:45,630 --> 00:16:43,870
linking what entire systems right so

367
00:16:47,700 --> 00:16:45,640
what what I think my group brought into

368
00:16:50,130 --> 00:16:47,710
this is the integration of artificial

369
00:16:52,680 --> 00:16:50,140
systems artificial biology actual

370
00:16:57,890 --> 00:16:52,690
reconstruction of ancestral genes and

371
00:17:02,220 --> 00:16:57,900
also linking evolutionary biology beyond

372
00:17:04,710 --> 00:17:02,230
phylogeny beyond generating trees so the

373
00:17:07,890 --> 00:17:04,720
fact that we are able to reconstruct and

374
00:17:11,610 --> 00:17:07,900
not just a ton of these proteins but but

375
00:17:13,350 --> 00:17:11,620
make a lot and in sanskrit all the

376
00:17:15,480 --> 00:17:13,360
possibilities is i think what makes this

377
00:17:19,199 --> 00:17:15,490
area at least work for me and my group i

378
00:17:22,410 --> 00:17:19,209
think exciting is that that we are able

379
00:17:24,630 --> 00:17:22,420
to sort of unlock the the possibilities

380
00:17:26,819 --> 00:17:24,640
of biology or not his interest is

381
00:17:28,620 --> 00:17:26,829
understanding what happens that's minik

382
00:17:31,799 --> 00:17:28,630
acting and i want to know what i was

383
00:17:36,180 --> 00:17:31,809
what could m happens and why and why

384
00:17:39,210 --> 00:17:36,190
nots we do so nitrogen fixation is that

385
00:17:40,890 --> 00:17:39,220
we study right now especially my postdoc

386
00:17:42,390 --> 00:17:40,900
amanda garcia also is a NASA

387
00:17:45,870 --> 00:17:42,400
Astrobiology boss that she's done

388
00:17:48,419 --> 00:17:45,880
amazing work on this and we have some

389
00:17:50,910 --> 00:17:48,429
cool new exciting papers coming out soon

390
00:17:54,150 --> 00:17:50,920
so they are going to be able to post up

391
00:17:56,250 --> 00:17:54,160
reprints on this later that summer we

392
00:17:58,380 --> 00:17:56,260
are tackling the nitrogen fixation and

393
00:18:01,430 --> 00:17:58,390
also looking at the metals involved in

394
00:18:05,310 --> 00:18:01,440
this and try to understand how elements

395
00:18:08,580 --> 00:18:05,320
themselves were selected ultimately our

396
00:18:10,799 --> 00:18:08,590
goal is to learn from the past and it's

397
00:18:15,210 --> 00:18:10,809
linked what we learned from our planets

398
00:18:17,580 --> 00:18:15,220
past to the observations that we make at

399
00:18:20,970 --> 00:18:17,590
the stellar scale so that is sort of our

400
00:18:22,140 --> 00:18:20,980
gastronomy that comes into place we are

401
00:18:24,480 --> 00:18:22,150
working provide

402
00:18:26,340 --> 00:18:24,490
writes mean I've been asking these

403
00:18:28,110 --> 00:18:26,350
questions to people already alone in the

404
00:18:30,299 --> 00:18:28,120
universe and casters to people who are

405
00:18:32,370 --> 00:18:30,309
listening to me anyone out there who

406
00:18:34,590 --> 00:18:32,380
thinks we are not alone maybe they're

407
00:18:37,350 --> 00:18:34,600
typing right now I don't know alone in

408
00:18:39,840 --> 00:18:37,360
the universe there's always one or two

409
00:18:40,770 --> 00:18:39,850
people and this is I can statistically

410
00:18:45,480 --> 00:18:40,780
tell you

411
00:18:55,230 --> 00:18:45,490
maybe out of thousands I get who think

412
00:18:58,410 --> 00:18:55,240
that yellow this is it because we are in

413
00:19:01,290 --> 00:18:58,420
fact alone and this is only study

414
00:19:03,270 --> 00:19:01,300
biology so we all gets to our very

415
00:19:04,650 --> 00:19:03,280
existence to understand what the hell is

416
00:19:07,530 --> 00:19:04,660
going on here okay because this may be

417
00:19:11,160 --> 00:19:07,540
the only planet that you can study

418
00:19:13,350 --> 00:19:11,170
geology you can study physics Street

419
00:19:16,230 --> 00:19:13,360
anywhere in the universe but this may be

420
00:19:18,540 --> 00:19:16,240
the only planet you can study the field

421
00:19:24,420 --> 00:19:18,550
of biology which makes biology extreme

422
00:19:26,910 --> 00:19:24,430
the site so what we are trying to oh

423
00:19:28,380 --> 00:19:26,920
it's just saying like the real value of

424
00:19:30,390 --> 00:19:28,390
your science in addition to looking at

425
00:19:32,820 --> 00:19:30,400
modern biology is that the the early

426
00:19:34,170 --> 00:19:32,830
Earth is another planet essentially for

427
00:19:36,090 --> 00:19:34,180
all intent and purpose is a different

428
00:19:38,310 --> 00:19:36,100
planet than modern Earth but I was very

429
00:19:40,230 --> 00:19:38,320
much alive with biology that we know is

430
00:19:42,660 --> 00:19:40,240
there and you are looking into ways of

431
00:19:44,730 --> 00:19:42,670
how was this biology actually there and

432
00:19:47,100 --> 00:19:44,740
using those metals you are talking about

433
00:19:49,520 --> 00:19:47,110
you can collect the molecular machinery

434
00:19:51,480 --> 00:19:49,530
to the environment and thus some

435
00:19:54,150 --> 00:19:51,490
conclusions was that which I find

436
00:19:56,420 --> 00:19:54,160
fascinating so it's amazing your world

437
00:19:59,100 --> 00:19:56,430
is of ancestral gene reconstruction

438
00:20:02,070 --> 00:19:59,110
paleogenetics is linking with the

439
00:20:15,990 --> 00:20:02,080
geochemical space of geobiology it's a

440
00:20:17,880 --> 00:20:16,000
new way of thinking turn shapes proteins

441
00:20:20,130 --> 00:20:17,890
and what we can learn about environment

442
00:20:22,410 --> 00:20:20,140
itself by looking at these parties I'm

443
00:20:24,780 --> 00:20:22,420
not necessarily referring to temperature

444
00:20:27,180 --> 00:20:24,790
I mean a lot of studies that try to

445
00:20:30,270 --> 00:20:27,190
connect the ancestral proteins and dirt

446
00:20:32,430 --> 00:20:30,280
that's not what you're doing right now

447
00:20:35,190 --> 00:20:32,440
you're looking at the cofactors and the

448
00:20:37,620 --> 00:20:35,200
free metals that these ancestral

449
00:20:39,840 --> 00:20:37,630
organisms ancestral proteins are binding

450
00:20:41,610 --> 00:20:39,850
and try to make inferences about the

451
00:20:44,760 --> 00:20:41,620
environment that in which they lived

452
00:20:47,580 --> 00:20:44,770
them maybe also not understand what are

453
00:20:51,000 --> 00:20:47,590
the other possibilities and and are

454
00:20:53,370 --> 00:20:51,010
waiting for census is so well that the

455
00:20:54,300 --> 00:20:53,380
planet studies are blooming right now

456
00:20:57,570 --> 00:20:54,310
because it's three

457
00:20:59,760 --> 00:20:57,580
exciting our solar system uses when

458
00:21:02,700 --> 00:20:59,770
outside of our solar systems is even

459
00:21:04,830 --> 00:21:02,710
more exciting you know the we don't know

460
00:21:07,380 --> 00:21:04,840
the more there's work for us it's great

461
00:21:08,790 --> 00:21:07,390
right it's a great it's great to be

462
00:21:10,620 --> 00:21:08,800
nothing else because there's a lot of

463
00:21:12,570 --> 00:21:10,630
stuff we don't know about and we are

464
00:21:15,870 --> 00:21:12,580
trying to understand by treating our

465
00:21:19,020 --> 00:21:15,880
planet as an alien planet itself you're

466
00:21:22,170 --> 00:21:19,030
trying to understand the policy and

467
00:21:25,910 --> 00:21:22,180
environmental possibilities specifically

468
00:21:28,380 --> 00:21:25,920
that may give rise to like solar system

469
00:21:30,690 --> 00:21:28,390
so your molecular work has also taken

470
00:21:33,690 --> 00:21:30,700
you to understand one of the greatest

471
00:21:35,310 --> 00:21:33,700
geo bot geo biological changes of our

472
00:21:37,560 --> 00:21:35,320
planet's history which has been the rise

473
00:21:39,390 --> 00:21:37,570
of oxygen roughly halfway through

474
00:21:41,130 --> 00:21:39,400
Earth's history and in particular you're

475
00:21:44,270 --> 00:21:41,140
looking at Rubisco which is the enzyme

476
00:21:46,980 --> 00:21:44,280
involved in photosynthesis and and

477
00:21:50,610 --> 00:21:46,990
through that you've been looking at the

478
00:21:55,580 --> 00:21:50,620
pigmentation of these bugs and pigments

479
00:22:04,730 --> 00:21:57,290
the case early on is that where your

480
00:22:06,680 --> 00:22:04,740
research has been taking you but not

481
00:22:08,720 --> 00:22:06,690
necessarily of anyone in my group that

482
00:22:09,200 --> 00:22:08,730
we don't we didn't pick anything that's

483
00:22:11,390 --> 00:22:09,210
easy

484
00:22:13,220 --> 00:22:11,400
so we know Bisco is the misko is a

485
00:22:16,000 --> 00:22:13,230
kingdom is that the same with

486
00:22:18,910 --> 00:22:16,010
heterogeneous it's not maybe

487
00:22:21,260 --> 00:22:18,920
straightforward to study this enzyme

488
00:22:26,150 --> 00:22:21,270
biochemically or at the organismic level

489
00:22:29,150 --> 00:22:26,160
the engine mod bacterial sufficient

490
00:22:32,300 --> 00:22:29,160
abisco sequences that that we infer to

491
00:22:34,100 --> 00:22:32,310
have existed prior to oxidation so

492
00:22:38,330 --> 00:22:34,110
you're talking about three million year

493
00:22:41,960 --> 00:22:38,340
old proteins that we think has impacted

494
00:22:44,120 --> 00:22:41,970
our planets in very fundamental way so

495
00:22:46,340 --> 00:22:44,130
one of them and we're doing a lot of

496
00:22:49,280 --> 00:22:46,350
work with pigments these days so not

497
00:22:52,370 --> 00:22:49,290
necessarily pigment that is generated by

498
00:22:55,550 --> 00:22:52,380
the cyanobacteria but actual protein

499
00:22:59,510 --> 00:22:55,560
pigments and how they may have impacted

500
00:23:04,280 --> 00:22:59,520
the entire ocean entire planets in that

501
00:23:06,680 --> 00:23:04,290
way any color they may have being away

502
00:23:11,330 --> 00:23:06,690
say three billion years are they the

503
00:23:14,080 --> 00:23:11,340
same difference the work is getting and

504
00:23:18,010 --> 00:23:14,090
it is definitely interesting because we

505
00:23:22,070 --> 00:23:18,020
this is why there's no box outside the

506
00:23:27,920 --> 00:23:22,080
box and and the comfort zone doesn't

507
00:23:30,020 --> 00:23:27,930
exist anymore so luckily astrobiology

508
00:23:34,070 --> 00:23:30,030
and extremely you know multidisciplinary

509
00:23:36,080 --> 00:23:34,080
cross-disciplinary science so be talking

510
00:23:38,600 --> 00:23:36,090
to an oceanographer talking to an

511
00:23:41,570 --> 00:23:38,610
astronomer at planetary scientists and

512
00:23:44,660 --> 00:23:41,580
norm for us we learned the language so

513
00:23:46,070 --> 00:23:44,670
to speak over these years and we sort of

514
00:23:47,920 --> 00:23:46,080
get together and try to take all these

515
00:23:51,140 --> 00:23:47,930
problems together

516
00:23:53,090 --> 00:23:51,150
so from this pigmentation of life in the

517
00:23:55,250 --> 00:23:53,100
oceans this is really important for the

518
00:23:56,990 --> 00:23:55,260
remote detection of life on potential

519
00:23:59,240 --> 00:23:57,000
other worlds tell us a little bit about

520
00:24:00,620 --> 00:23:59,250
how your science ties to the world of

521
00:24:04,130 --> 00:24:00,630
exoplanets that you've been mentioning

522
00:24:06,230 --> 00:24:04,140
it is not I should point out that our

523
00:24:07,790 --> 00:24:06,240
technology that will allow us to even

524
00:24:09,800 --> 00:24:07,800
take a picture of another planet

525
00:24:11,960 --> 00:24:09,810
outside of our solar system if you're

526
00:24:14,360 --> 00:24:11,970
not there yet right so we cannot do that

527
00:24:15,980 --> 00:24:14,370
right now so be but is it gloom I guess

528
00:24:17,930 --> 00:24:15,990
we are preparing for the time that

529
00:24:20,750 --> 00:24:17,940
because that will come it may take us

530
00:24:22,370 --> 00:24:20,760
two decades to entirely understand what

531
00:24:24,710 --> 00:24:22,380
it planted outside of our solar system

532
00:24:26,570 --> 00:24:24,720
what the actual color might be but we

533
00:24:28,790 --> 00:24:26,580
will get there so once we are there I

534
00:24:31,340 --> 00:24:28,800
want the research that we produced to be

535
00:24:33,410 --> 00:24:31,350
useful so we are sort of investing in a

536
00:24:36,470 --> 00:24:33,420
decade from now where we will be able to

537
00:24:38,510 --> 00:24:36,480
detect and observe planets outside of

538
00:24:42,800 --> 00:24:38,520
our solar system even better that being

539
00:24:46,130 --> 00:24:42,810
said we are sort of getting ready for a

540
00:24:48,260 --> 00:24:46,140
planet that may be present but again the

541
00:24:50,120 --> 00:24:48,270
whole premise here is that we are

542
00:24:53,300 --> 00:24:50,130
looking for alien life but our own

543
00:24:55,190 --> 00:24:53,310
planets past is and I think biologists

544
00:24:57,890 --> 00:24:55,200
we need more biologists to study these

545
00:25:00,110 --> 00:24:57,900
problems we you know we don't I think

546
00:25:02,810 --> 00:25:00,120
truly appreciates in the education of

547
00:25:04,520 --> 00:25:02,820
molecular biology and I get this a lot

548
00:25:08,690 --> 00:25:04,530
because I'm teaching molecular G to

549
00:25:10,490 --> 00:25:08,700
undergrads and appreciate that we are

550
00:25:13,010 --> 00:25:10,500
products of billions of years of

551
00:25:15,050 --> 00:25:13,020
evolution at the end and and if we

552
00:25:19,550 --> 00:25:15,060
really want to find life outside of our

553
00:25:21,370 --> 00:25:19,560
solar system or out there it to

554
00:25:26,590 --> 00:25:21,380
understand two main things we need to

555
00:25:32,420 --> 00:25:29,660
occupied our entire planet but we also

556
00:25:34,790 --> 00:25:32,430
understand how life originated I am

557
00:25:36,290 --> 00:25:34,800
likely that without solving the original

558
00:25:39,500 --> 00:25:36,300
five problem we will never be able to

559
00:25:41,390 --> 00:25:39,510
fight back we have to find and make we

560
00:25:44,030 --> 00:25:41,400
need to make life and you know emerge

561
00:25:47,000 --> 00:25:44,040
it's our towels I think that's it

562
00:25:50,300 --> 00:25:47,010
I think I say that and understand the

563
00:25:52,220 --> 00:25:50,310
conditions that can Harbor life okay so

564
00:25:55,070 --> 00:25:52,230
we I think for a long time we thought

565
00:25:57,020 --> 00:25:55,080
that we will be able to do it I think

566
00:25:58,880 --> 00:25:57,030
about all the you know we've been asking

567
00:26:01,520 --> 00:25:58,890
the complex started and already alone in

568
00:26:04,670 --> 00:26:01,530
this universe sport as long as we gained

569
00:26:08,150 --> 00:26:04,680
consciousness as humanity Videl force

570
00:26:10,520 --> 00:26:08,160
Aristotle I look at how things changing

571
00:26:12,440 --> 00:26:10,530
how the evolution happens and then it

572
00:26:15,170 --> 00:26:12,450
comes you know we stole the structure of

573
00:26:17,990 --> 00:26:15,180
DNA right it rosalind Franklin taking

574
00:26:21,450 --> 00:26:18,000
picture showing us how molecules inside

575
00:26:24,779 --> 00:26:21,460
the cell very code that

576
00:26:28,799 --> 00:26:24,789
the entire structure possible it's the

577
00:26:31,019 --> 00:26:28,809
entire world around us had looks like

578
00:26:33,299 --> 00:26:31,029
maybe took these pictures and that comes

579
00:26:37,620 --> 00:26:33,309
Miller and Urey they're very able to

580
00:26:40,169 --> 00:26:37,630
spark electric and heat and and simulate

581
00:26:43,320 --> 00:26:40,179
an environment that made that maybe like

582
00:26:46,139 --> 00:26:43,330
ancient planet and able to make on

583
00:26:48,570 --> 00:26:46,149
questions that are very founders of the

584
00:26:51,299 --> 00:26:48,580
cells the building blocks and I think we

585
00:26:53,789 --> 00:26:51,309
thought okay we got this can we can we

586
00:26:57,630 --> 00:26:53,799
can you know how change happens we

587
00:27:00,690 --> 00:26:57,640
understand that complexity works maybe a

588
00:27:03,860 --> 00:27:00,700
little bit it's not to speculate we can

589
00:27:10,700 --> 00:27:03,870
take picture we can do look at DNA

590
00:27:19,470 --> 00:27:16,110
I think we got today

591
00:27:24,120 --> 00:27:19,480
we didn't right so it really reeks it

592
00:27:25,889 --> 00:27:24,130
was 60s we have an East we have a fate

593
00:27:29,399 --> 00:27:25,899
like with over 50 years now you're stuck

594
00:27:32,730 --> 00:27:29,409
there too it's important to realize that

595
00:27:36,029 --> 00:27:32,740
it's literally hundreds of years of

596
00:27:40,169 --> 00:27:36,039
thinking and thinking and doing that

597
00:27:42,029 --> 00:27:40,179
enabled us to finally come to 2020 and

598
00:27:44,130 --> 00:27:42,039
you argue that we are so close to

599
00:27:47,340 --> 00:27:44,140
solving the problem of version of life I

600
00:27:49,440 --> 00:27:47,350
think we are really close but I think

601
00:27:51,690 --> 00:27:49,450
we're a bit flip ourselves that we

602
00:27:55,080 --> 00:27:51,700
thought this would be easy and now we

603
00:27:56,700 --> 00:27:55,090
know it's far from it's it's not only

604
00:27:58,950 --> 00:27:56,710
understanding how those prebiotic

605
00:28:00,450 --> 00:27:58,960
molecules came to be and how they

606
00:28:02,279 --> 00:28:00,460
transition to become biological

607
00:28:05,940 --> 00:28:02,289
molecules but also in what environment

608
00:28:07,470 --> 00:28:05,950
did they interact in to allow that

609
00:28:09,419 --> 00:28:07,480
communication and sharing of information

610
00:28:11,039 --> 00:28:09,429
which is fascinating and I wish we had

611
00:28:13,860 --> 00:28:11,049
more time to talk about this I do want

612
00:28:15,690 --> 00:28:13,870
to transition to one of the aspects that

613
00:28:17,880 --> 00:28:15,700
makes you stand out as the scientist is

614
00:28:19,799 --> 00:28:17,890
that you are also very passionate about

615
00:28:21,720 --> 00:28:19,809
public engagement about communicating

616
00:28:24,120 --> 00:28:21,730
science to the public after all you're a

617
00:28:25,289 --> 00:28:24,130
co-founder of signator org the platform

618
00:28:27,210 --> 00:28:25,299
on which you are currently live

619
00:28:29,820 --> 00:28:27,220
streaming so it's fantastic to have you

620
00:28:32,490 --> 00:28:29,830
as a guest on the program and you've

621
00:28:42,100 --> 00:28:32,500
been involved for for this and as far as

622
00:28:48,370 --> 00:28:45,730
I am a product of public engagements

623
00:28:49,720 --> 00:28:48,380
myself right so when I the program that

624
00:28:51,310 --> 00:28:49,730
I applied to his laundry grade was

625
00:28:55,120 --> 00:28:51,320
founded by Harvard Hughes Medical

626
00:28:58,840 --> 00:28:55,130
Institute and and it enabled me to spend

627
00:29:02,919 --> 00:28:58,850
a summer in a lab and do research at

628
00:29:04,960 --> 00:29:02,929
that time I was trying to synthesize go

629
00:29:06,880 --> 00:29:04,970
back there isn't a lot specifically

630
00:29:09,370 --> 00:29:06,890
riboflavin analogs and I quickly

631
00:29:12,700 --> 00:29:09,380
realized that I respect organic chemists

632
00:29:15,129 --> 00:29:12,710
but it's not for me I can't do it so but

633
00:29:17,919 --> 00:29:15,139
but it was a product of public outreach

634
00:29:20,379 --> 00:29:17,929
that gave me the sense of what I can or

635
00:29:22,090 --> 00:29:20,389
cannot do and make me feel that feel

636
00:29:27,250 --> 00:29:22,100
like I belong and I have a place in

637
00:29:30,220 --> 00:29:27,260
science I think that sort of deals and

638
00:29:32,350 --> 00:29:30,230
it saddens me that still you know ten

639
00:29:35,049 --> 00:29:32,360
years since then maybe actually more

640
00:29:37,889 --> 00:29:35,059
than that 16 years we are still hearing

641
00:29:40,930 --> 00:29:37,899
from young scholars that they have this

642
00:29:45,190 --> 00:29:40,940
inability to imagine themselves as a

643
00:29:50,169 --> 00:29:45,200
part of scientific rigor if you are

644
00:29:58,470 --> 00:29:53,299
so

645
00:30:00,810 --> 00:29:58,480
science and science scientists might be

646
00:30:03,930 --> 00:30:00,820
doesn't matter it's their problem not

647
00:30:07,470 --> 00:30:03,940
yours right so I am a product of that

648
00:30:09,390 --> 00:30:07,480
sort of grassroots outreach its Emory

649
00:30:12,360 --> 00:30:09,400
and I think we all have some person that

650
00:30:14,700 --> 00:30:12,370
changed the way we think but pet

651
00:30:18,240 --> 00:30:14,710
Patricia Marsteller she was the leading

652
00:30:19,260 --> 00:30:18,250
a person for this group and even though

653
00:30:22,470 --> 00:30:19,270
she was coming from another country

654
00:30:24,450 --> 00:30:22,480
right I'm Turkish she's from Georgia

655
00:30:27,000 --> 00:30:24,460
Atlanta you know right completely

656
00:30:29,460 --> 00:30:27,010
different part of the world I deleted to

657
00:30:31,350 --> 00:30:29,470
her and it was fascinating to me that

658
00:30:33,780 --> 00:30:31,360
there are things that are beyond the

659
00:30:37,950 --> 00:30:33,790
languages and cultures and our futures

660
00:30:40,530 --> 00:30:37,960
that connect us as humanity and because

661
00:30:43,080 --> 00:30:40,540
I think I was very aware that my

662
00:30:45,390 --> 00:30:43,090
presence in science is a product of my

663
00:30:49,220 --> 00:30:45,400
engagements and outreach

664
00:30:52,470 --> 00:30:49,230
I never even thought about it being a

665
00:30:55,770 --> 00:30:52,480
job or a task it's a natural thing for

666
00:30:58,890 --> 00:30:55,780
that I feel that it's my job now to give

667
00:31:02,130 --> 00:30:58,900
back so I always did voluntary

668
00:31:04,140 --> 00:31:02,140
activities in in calling it's a graduate

669
00:31:06,840 --> 00:31:04,150
school as a graduate students I was

670
00:31:07,919 --> 00:31:06,850
teaching in Decatur Georgia there was a

671
00:31:10,140 --> 00:31:07,929
high school there indicator of high

672
00:31:11,790 --> 00:31:10,150
school so I did I was partnered to be

673
00:31:14,370 --> 00:31:11,800
the high school teacher the thoughts

674
00:31:16,520 --> 00:31:14,380
physics and chemistry for one year which

675
00:31:19,620 --> 00:31:16,530
changed a lot of things for me

676
00:31:23,000 --> 00:31:19,630
understand I

677
00:31:26,550 --> 00:31:23,010
was mind blown to see kids who live in

678
00:31:29,160 --> 00:31:26,560
Atlanta Georgia cannot show me by Canada

679
00:31:31,230 --> 00:31:29,170
that that was a very eye-opening

680
00:31:34,080 --> 00:31:31,240
experience for me and all these things

681
00:31:36,930 --> 00:31:34,090
made me realize that I belong here even

682
00:31:40,290 --> 00:31:36,940
more that I have a job a mission and

683
00:31:43,320 --> 00:31:40,300
that is to teach science and instead is

684
00:31:49,380 --> 00:31:43,330
a product of death honey that we started

685
00:31:51,600 --> 00:31:49,390
this I think 2011 and it was me being

686
00:31:53,220 --> 00:31:51,610
away from my own home country I don't

687
00:31:55,820 --> 00:31:53,230
want to do get this right I realized

688
00:31:58,230 --> 00:31:55,830
that they're only in Turkey wants to

689
00:32:00,330 --> 00:31:58,240
watch astrobiology meetings but they

690
00:32:03,320 --> 00:32:00,340
have no way of doing that so we started

691
00:32:05,760 --> 00:32:03,330
an online group to bring science to

692
00:32:08,880 --> 00:32:05,770
everybody and look at where we are now

693
00:32:11,450 --> 00:32:08,890
it's really amazing there's so many more

694
00:32:16,039 --> 00:32:14,570
stop being selfish and open up the floor

695
00:32:18,260 --> 00:32:16,049
to the questions which is my one of my

696
00:32:19,580 --> 00:32:18,270
favorite part of the show so let's head

697
00:32:20,960 --> 00:32:19,590
and get started thank you all so much

698
00:32:23,360 --> 00:32:20,970
for submitting your questions please

699
00:32:25,549 --> 00:32:23,370
keep them coming use hashtag ask as for

700
00:32:27,230 --> 00:32:25,559
bio on Twitter or put them on the chat

701
00:32:28,610 --> 00:32:27,240
on Signet org if you're watching on

702
00:32:29,899 --> 00:32:28,620
Facebook live put them down in the

703
00:32:32,090 --> 00:32:29,909
comments we're listening we're hearing

704
00:32:35,779 --> 00:32:32,100
you and okay b2 so are you ready

705
00:32:38,600 --> 00:32:35,789
the first question comes from @astro

706
00:32:40,460 --> 00:32:38,610
sociology gym pass on twitter and he

707
00:32:42,590 --> 00:32:40,470
asks what are your thoughts about how

708
00:32:44,840 --> 00:32:42,600
social scientists can participate more

709
00:32:46,250 --> 00:32:44,850
extensively in astrobiology research so

710
00:32:47,899 --> 00:32:46,260
that the societal implications of

711
00:32:50,779 --> 00:32:47,909
astrobiology and SETI can become more

712
00:32:56,419 --> 00:32:50,789
mainstream considerations alongside stem

713
00:32:59,720 --> 00:32:56,429
issues my field so I wouldn't know with

714
00:33:02,060 --> 00:32:59,730
the goal of it or social science would

715
00:33:06,289 --> 00:33:02,070
be to in fact increase the awareness of

716
00:33:08,330 --> 00:33:06,299
science studies or just keep a record of

717
00:33:12,620 --> 00:33:08,340
what's what has been happening so I'm

718
00:33:15,260 --> 00:33:12,630
familiar with studies of dr. Sophia

719
00:33:18,950 --> 00:33:15,270
roost she is an anthropology professor

720
00:33:21,289 --> 00:33:18,960
and so she wrote really remarkable

721
00:33:25,610 --> 00:33:21,299
articles about how astrobiologists go to

722
00:33:28,789 --> 00:33:25,620
field sites and study life and so there

723
00:33:32,269 --> 00:33:28,799
there's been some efforts towards so

724
00:33:34,639 --> 00:33:32,279
documenting what astrobiologists do that

725
00:33:36,560 --> 00:33:34,649
being said I think we need definitely

726
00:33:39,470 --> 00:33:36,570
definitely we need social scientists to

727
00:33:42,019 --> 00:33:39,480
that that a newbie presence with us

728
00:33:44,320 --> 00:33:42,029
right now and you know are saying I

729
00:33:47,630 --> 00:33:44,330
didn't know who is in Turkey right now

730
00:33:50,060 --> 00:33:47,640
has also been sort out studying how

731
00:33:51,710 --> 00:33:50,070
astrobiologists communicate and

732
00:33:53,720 --> 00:33:51,720
collaborate but I think the question is

733
00:33:55,760 --> 00:33:53,730
a bit broader than this and I think it's

734
00:33:57,799 --> 00:33:55,770
deeper that the question is you know how

735
00:34:00,830 --> 00:33:57,809
so said that whether the social studies

736
00:34:02,779 --> 00:34:00,840
can be even more recognized part of the

737
00:34:06,049 --> 00:34:02,789
Austral biology studies and I will say

738
00:34:08,690 --> 00:34:06,059
yes there are a lot of new astrobiology

739
00:34:10,190 --> 00:34:08,700
centers being formed right now it's an

740
00:34:11,990 --> 00:34:10,200
interesting you know a very exciting

741
00:34:15,050 --> 00:34:12,000
time for astrobiology field as a whole

742
00:34:16,280 --> 00:34:15,060
so if you're interested in so there's

743
00:34:18,649 --> 00:34:16,290
more social sciences part of

744
00:34:21,710 --> 00:34:18,659
astrobiology I recommend that you get in

745
00:34:23,480 --> 00:34:21,720
touch with scientists who are needy who

746
00:34:24,440 --> 00:34:23,490
are participating in these NASA notes

747
00:34:26,540 --> 00:34:24,450
and

748
00:34:29,000 --> 00:34:26,550
pitch time your idea I think we could we

749
00:34:30,470 --> 00:34:29,010
could all use someone who is definitely

750
00:34:32,149 --> 00:34:30,480
thinking there could be than us

751
00:34:33,770 --> 00:34:32,159
not even as a scientist with the

752
00:34:37,069 --> 00:34:33,780
broadest Ehrman as a part of social

753
00:34:39,859 --> 00:34:37,079
sciences so definitely is thank you

754
00:34:44,119 --> 00:34:39,869
the next question comes from a peer ekk

755
00:34:47,480 --> 00:34:44,129
who tweets as at Duke McCollum's and he

756
00:34:54,740 --> 00:34:47,490
or she asks who was or what was your

757
00:34:59,150 --> 00:34:54,750
biggest inspiration for me to pin it to

758
00:35:02,079 --> 00:34:59,160
a certain person but I would say that it

759
00:35:04,190 --> 00:35:02,089
was more about what's happened around me

760
00:35:09,079 --> 00:35:04,200
collectively I grew up in an environment

761
00:35:11,180 --> 00:35:09,089
by remembrance given the privilege and I

762
00:35:14,440 --> 00:35:11,190
will argue that it is a privilege to

763
00:35:17,930 --> 00:35:14,450
receive education and not everybody can

764
00:35:20,510 --> 00:35:17,940
receive it really 91 top level but in

765
00:35:22,790 --> 00:35:20,520
education it's still a problem in our

766
00:35:25,400 --> 00:35:22,800
world unfortunately so I think seeing

767
00:35:32,300 --> 00:35:25,410
what was not given to them and drove me

768
00:35:34,280 --> 00:35:32,310
to get get it all I was women in my

769
00:35:36,920 --> 00:35:34,290
family they did not have any diploma so

770
00:35:39,920 --> 00:35:36,930
I always joked that I I acquired enough

771
00:35:41,270 --> 00:35:39,930
diploma for everybody for all the people

772
00:35:44,300 --> 00:35:41,280
that couldn't go to school I have a

773
00:35:47,030 --> 00:35:44,310
degree so I was just really driven to

774
00:35:50,809 --> 00:35:47,040
have my own life my own path is a woman

775
00:35:52,640 --> 00:35:50,819
and I so education is the only way to

776
00:35:56,359 --> 00:35:52,650
achieve that for myself thank you for

777
00:35:58,010 --> 00:35:56,369
the question using that article that you

778
00:35:59,569 --> 00:35:58,020
were featured in by UN women you have

779
00:36:01,790 --> 00:35:59,579
another good quote in there that says

780
00:36:03,859 --> 00:36:01,800
your armor your knowledge is your armor

781
00:36:07,640 --> 00:36:03,869
and that ties very well to that answer

782
00:36:09,290 --> 00:36:07,650
thank you again and Sarah had set Jen on

783
00:36:11,780 --> 00:36:09,300
say Gannett asks what are you taking

784
00:36:14,210 --> 00:36:11,790
your experimental evolution research and

785
00:36:22,040 --> 00:36:14,220
placing those cells in a paleo

786
00:36:25,430 --> 00:36:22,050
environmental setting the quick answer

787
00:36:29,150 --> 00:36:25,440
is yes we are simulating ancient earth

788
00:36:32,510 --> 00:36:29,160
conditions while once we open the lab

789
00:36:35,690 --> 00:36:32,520
again the goal is to see how the

790
00:36:37,339 --> 00:36:35,700
bacteria engineer ancient components

791
00:36:39,410 --> 00:36:37,349
respond to the environment

792
00:36:43,849 --> 00:36:39,420
that means minute ancient conditions as

793
00:36:46,460 --> 00:36:43,859
well thank you the next question comes

794
00:36:49,609 --> 00:36:46,470
from Marian Denton who tweets as at

795
00:36:51,920 --> 00:36:49,619
Astro underscore limb no and she asks

796
00:36:56,329 --> 00:36:51,930
whether finding a piece of genetic code

797
00:36:58,460 --> 00:36:56,339
RNA or DNA or structure like it be

798
00:37:01,309 --> 00:36:58,470
considered on another world would it be

799
00:37:03,739 --> 00:37:01,319
considered as an evidence of life that's

800
00:37:07,099 --> 00:37:03,749
a very good question and so I will

801
00:37:09,859 --> 00:37:07,109
response by quoting Prasad ami who

802
00:37:12,859 --> 00:37:09,869
studies not by them on many other things

803
00:37:15,079 --> 00:37:12,869
he talks about finding a screwdriver on

804
00:37:18,680 --> 00:37:15,089
Mars right so if you find a screwdriver

805
00:37:21,200 --> 00:37:18,690
on Mars will you be convinced that there

806
00:37:25,249 --> 00:37:21,210
was life or is life on this planet so to

807
00:37:26,710 --> 00:37:25,259
me finding DNA or RNA or any molecule

808
00:37:30,529 --> 00:37:26,720
that is familiar to us inside a

809
00:37:32,719 --> 00:37:30,539
biological cell on planet Earth is like

810
00:37:34,190 --> 00:37:32,729
finding a screwdriver on somewhere else

811
00:37:37,339 --> 00:37:34,200
how did it get here

812
00:37:39,799 --> 00:37:37,349
it isn't it's so hard to synthesize

813
00:37:41,569 --> 00:37:39,809
these these molecules let alone use them

814
00:37:44,029 --> 00:37:41,579
as an information system that we see in

815
00:37:47,390 --> 00:37:44,039
the cell today so I will argue that yes

816
00:37:49,430 --> 00:37:47,400
finding piece DNA or RNA it's definitely

817
00:37:51,979 --> 00:37:49,440
gonna be we will be really close to

818
00:37:54,140 --> 00:37:51,989
finding what if you find DNA somewhere

819
00:37:58,729 --> 00:37:54,150
else regardless of the context that it

820
00:38:00,829 --> 00:37:58,739
is it is in our planet bring it there

821
00:38:02,029 --> 00:38:00,839
it's like finding a hard drive in

822
00:38:03,589 --> 00:38:02,039
another world right the density of

823
00:38:05,900 --> 00:38:03,599
information that's in these molecules

824
00:38:07,609 --> 00:38:05,910
are just it has to be something more

825
00:38:08,749 --> 00:38:07,619
than just a natural setting but who

826
00:38:10,089 --> 00:38:08,759
knows right I don't think our

827
00:38:12,140 --> 00:38:10,099
imagination is broad enough to

828
00:38:13,670 --> 00:38:12,150
categorize all the different

829
00:38:15,680 --> 00:38:13,680
possibilities anyway so the next

830
00:38:18,890 --> 00:38:15,690
question comes from Allah and on Twitter

831
00:38:20,269 --> 00:38:18,900
who tweets us at they say is Ibrahim and

832
00:38:22,099 --> 00:38:20,279
we were talking about sign a big

833
00:38:25,039 --> 00:38:22,109
bacteria and how their parent parts of

834
00:38:27,049 --> 00:38:25,049
plants today and so he or she asks are

835
00:38:33,739 --> 00:38:27,059
they are there any plant species that

836
00:38:35,539 --> 00:38:33,749
can be grown in space International

837
00:38:39,890 --> 00:38:35,549
Space Station that's also in space or

838
00:38:40,609 --> 00:38:39,900
any planet so for the ISS absolutely I

839
00:38:43,400 --> 00:38:40,619
don't see why not

840
00:38:45,109 --> 00:38:43,410
and but poor and there are studies

841
00:38:47,870 --> 00:38:45,119
towards this and there are work again

842
00:38:49,729 --> 00:38:47,880
towards understanding the conditions

843
00:38:50,900 --> 00:38:49,739
that we need to create if you were to

844
00:38:54,170 --> 00:38:50,910
grow plan

845
00:38:55,579 --> 00:38:54,180
different plants there are not just

846
00:38:57,049 --> 00:38:55,589
scientific by the way I know a lot of

847
00:38:59,000 --> 00:38:57,059
artists are also thinking about these

848
00:39:05,510 --> 00:38:59,010
things there's a really fascinating

849
00:39:08,000 --> 00:39:05,520
group United Kingdom that are creating

850
00:39:08,599 --> 00:39:08,010
exhibition is about sort of imagining

851
00:39:11,990 --> 00:39:08,609
the future

852
00:39:13,940 --> 00:39:12,000
imagining plants on different planets so

853
00:39:15,529 --> 00:39:13,950
yes that there now may be possibilities

854
00:39:20,720 --> 00:39:15,539
but we are not there yet

855
00:39:23,630 --> 00:39:20,730
I thank you the next question comes from

856
00:39:26,299 --> 00:39:23,640
Murphy and dad on say Gannett who asks

857
00:39:28,339 --> 00:39:26,309
is it possible to create the Jima genome

858
00:39:35,510 --> 00:39:28,349
of the simplest cell that can survive

859
00:39:37,760 --> 00:39:35,520
I'm in silico only okay so there are

860
00:39:39,920 --> 00:39:37,770
studies that are done by craig Venter

861
00:39:43,490 --> 00:39:39,930
for example student ecologists that try

862
00:39:44,650 --> 00:39:43,500
to create methods to synthesize genomes

863
00:39:47,839 --> 00:39:44,660
bunk

864
00:39:49,730 --> 00:39:47,849
yes yes I want to say scratch but it's

865
00:39:51,920 --> 00:39:49,740
not necessarily scratch right because

866
00:39:54,849 --> 00:39:51,930
reliant on other organisms genome is a

867
00:39:57,740 --> 00:39:54,859
tablet that means that there are many

868
00:39:59,809 --> 00:39:57,750
facets to this question number one is

869
00:40:01,789 --> 00:39:59,819
that what is the simplest organism are

870
00:40:04,010 --> 00:40:01,799
you talking about the simplest microbe

871
00:40:06,230 --> 00:40:04,020
that we have like a micro plasma or

872
00:40:07,730 --> 00:40:06,240
something like that we have today or are

873
00:40:10,240 --> 00:40:07,740
you be talking about engineering

874
00:40:13,069 --> 00:40:10,250
organism that will have the minimal

875
00:40:16,460 --> 00:40:13,079
components that will give rise to any

876
00:40:19,609 --> 00:40:16,470
living cell yes the minimal components

877
00:40:21,260 --> 00:40:19,619
so if the if the aspect is number two we

878
00:40:23,450 --> 00:40:21,270
are not there yet and the problem is

879
00:40:26,450 --> 00:40:23,460
don't quite understand what exactly

880
00:40:29,150 --> 00:40:26,460
needs to be in this bag and by that I

881
00:40:31,819 --> 00:40:29,160
mean that the cell itself that will be

882
00:40:34,010 --> 00:40:31,829
minimal but still gave life give rise to

883
00:40:35,539 --> 00:40:34,020
life what is it that we're trying to see

884
00:40:38,150 --> 00:40:35,549
so there's a lot of work towards

885
00:40:39,200 --> 00:40:38,160
protocells in that aspect we are not

886
00:40:42,710 --> 00:40:39,210
there yet right we didn't make any

887
00:40:44,859 --> 00:40:42,720
evolving life like protocell a system

888
00:40:48,650 --> 00:40:44,869
that has information in itself

889
00:40:50,930 --> 00:40:48,660
encapsulated however there is definitely

890
00:40:53,630 --> 00:40:50,940
work towards creating

891
00:40:55,670 --> 00:40:53,640
early cells that are that don't have

892
00:40:57,260 --> 00:40:55,680
genomes that are not like what we see

893
00:40:58,760 --> 00:40:57,270
today by the way I don't think it's

894
00:41:02,269 --> 00:40:58,770
gonna be like but bacteria has you're

895
00:41:03,460 --> 00:41:02,279
talking a lot simpler maybe that's a

896
00:41:14,420 --> 00:41:03,470
couple hundred

897
00:41:17,440 --> 00:41:14,430
Jeanne's is very different so thank you

898
00:41:20,480 --> 00:41:17,450
the next question comes from Twitter

899
00:41:22,640 --> 00:41:20,490
freaking Kenobi as at space engineer

900
00:41:24,200 --> 00:41:22,650
asks the following question and he asked

901
00:41:26,480 --> 00:41:24,210
it in Turkish and I would say a big

902
00:41:28,160 --> 00:41:26,490
thank you to a professor our sivaiah

903
00:41:30,080 --> 00:41:28,170
Dino blue who has helped us translating

904
00:41:32,330 --> 00:41:30,090
live these questions if you're watching

905
00:41:35,750 --> 00:41:32,340
our server thank you very much and and

906
00:41:37,790 --> 00:41:35,760
thank you he so at space engineer asks

907
00:41:45,440 --> 00:41:37,800
what steps should a person who wants to

908
00:41:47,870 --> 00:41:45,450
become an astrobiologist follow because

909
00:41:49,850 --> 00:41:47,880
I get that question a lot so first of

910
00:41:52,570 --> 00:41:49,860
all there are resources there are posted

911
00:41:55,040 --> 00:41:52,580
by NASA Astrobiology Institute online

912
00:41:56,930 --> 00:41:55,050
that shows different paths that can take

913
00:42:00,080 --> 00:41:56,940
you to study astrobiology but I'll give

914
00:42:02,090 --> 00:42:00,090
the broadest answer possible that you

915
00:42:04,010 --> 00:42:02,100
don't need to replicate someone else's

916
00:42:06,500 --> 00:42:04,020
trajectory if you do what you want to do

917
00:42:07,730 --> 00:42:06,510
at the end so that means that because I

918
00:42:09,560 --> 00:42:07,740
studied chemistry and I need

919
00:42:11,000 --> 00:42:09,570
biochemistry and then in your biology

920
00:42:13,060 --> 00:42:11,010
you don't need to necessarily follow

921
00:42:16,670 --> 00:42:13,070
these steps to study the questions that

922
00:42:19,280 --> 00:42:16,680
we do if you are interested in a basic

923
00:42:22,220 --> 00:42:19,290
scientific field physics geology

924
00:42:25,490 --> 00:42:22,230
astronomy chemistry whatever it might

925
00:42:26,840 --> 00:42:25,500
not be do that and then you will find

926
00:42:28,610 --> 00:42:26,850
that there are questions that you can

927
00:42:30,860 --> 00:42:28,620
answer that are related to astrobiology

928
00:42:34,460 --> 00:42:30,870
that are embedded in these basic areas

929
00:42:36,650 --> 00:42:34,470
of research I think one aspect that kids

930
00:42:39,860 --> 00:42:36,660
are maybe you're not emphasizing it's

931
00:42:43,160 --> 00:42:39,870
not a disaster biologists that you need

932
00:42:45,620 --> 00:42:43,170
to have a home discipline and excelled

933
00:42:47,600 --> 00:42:45,630
in that so whatever you do if it is

934
00:42:50,050 --> 00:42:47,610
biochemistry I need to be an excellent

935
00:42:52,730 --> 00:42:50,060
biochemist and then build astrobiology

936
00:42:55,310 --> 00:42:52,740
so you need to have a core area of

937
00:42:57,590 --> 00:42:55,320
research could be microbiology you know

938
00:42:59,180 --> 00:42:57,600
could be geology you could be paleo

939
00:43:01,730 --> 00:42:59,190
biology whatever it may be

940
00:43:04,040 --> 00:43:01,740
excel in that and then apply your

941
00:43:06,170 --> 00:43:04,050
technique and your methods to questions

942
00:43:08,720 --> 00:43:06,180
related to astrobiology because

943
00:43:10,910 --> 00:43:08,730
Australia is not necessarily a major

944
00:43:12,830 --> 00:43:10,920
right right now nobody offers that we

945
00:43:16,320 --> 00:43:12,840
may do it here anyway but you're not

946
00:43:17,730 --> 00:43:16,330
there yet so follow the

947
00:43:21,180 --> 00:43:17,740
area that you are really passionate

948
00:43:22,800 --> 00:43:21,190
about and then apply what you make or

949
00:43:24,870 --> 00:43:22,810
iron your skills and your knowledge

950
00:43:26,400 --> 00:43:24,880
towards questions related to

951
00:43:28,950 --> 00:43:26,410
astrobiology because there is room for

952
00:43:31,950 --> 00:43:28,960
everybody in this field we are not

953
00:43:33,810 --> 00:43:31,960
running short of questions we have so

954
00:43:36,690 --> 00:43:33,820
much to figure out altogether and we

955
00:43:37,920 --> 00:43:36,700
will need all of you yeah big enough to

956
00:43:39,090 --> 00:43:37,930
buy out this is really about the

957
00:43:41,250 --> 00:43:39,100
questions you ask

958
00:43:43,830 --> 00:43:41,260
not necessarily the science you do so a

959
00:43:45,660 --> 00:43:43,840
great answer vitriol thank you the next

960
00:43:48,960 --> 00:43:45,670
question comes from hello Smithers on

961
00:43:50,670 --> 00:43:48,970
Twitter who who asks I am in school

962
00:43:52,140 --> 00:43:50,680
right now for environmental science and

963
00:43:55,170 --> 00:43:52,150
research with a concentration on

964
00:43:57,060 --> 00:43:55,180
genetics what types of jobs or research

965
00:43:59,580 --> 00:43:57,070
would I be able to do and I graduate and

966
00:44:09,270 --> 00:43:59,590
want to work for NASA and organization

967
00:44:11,400 --> 00:44:09,280
like it I believe so you check out the

968
00:44:14,310 --> 00:44:11,410
internship programs that are offered

969
00:44:15,840 --> 00:44:14,320
directly by NASA centers or you could

970
00:44:18,150 --> 00:44:15,850
write to professors that are not

971
00:44:22,860 --> 00:44:18,160
necessarily working at NASA centers but

972
00:44:25,050 --> 00:44:22,870
are working through NASA funded programs

973
00:44:27,420 --> 00:44:25,060
and you can directly get in touch with

974
00:44:29,270 --> 00:44:27,430
them and ask to work with them even

975
00:44:33,090 --> 00:44:29,280
though it's just over this summer

976
00:44:35,340 --> 00:44:33,100
because so I think to get to the job you

977
00:44:36,900 --> 00:44:35,350
need to get to it first you I think it's

978
00:44:38,370 --> 00:44:36,910
a scientist beepers it will be very

979
00:44:41,160 --> 00:44:38,380
useful for us to understand about our

980
00:44:43,800 --> 00:44:41,170
interests are and and this is a tricky

981
00:44:45,510 --> 00:44:43,810
part about finding your interests you

982
00:44:47,310 --> 00:44:45,520
need to sometimes do things that don't

983
00:44:49,470 --> 00:44:47,320
interest you and that's the only way you

984
00:44:52,680 --> 00:44:49,480
will find what you like through doing

985
00:44:54,540 --> 00:44:52,690
things that you don't like and and also

986
00:44:56,760 --> 00:44:54,550
finding that the thing that you thought

987
00:45:00,090 --> 00:44:56,770
you would like doesn't interest you as

988
00:45:01,710 --> 00:45:00,100
much so it's it's I encourage that don't

989
00:45:04,320 --> 00:45:01,720
overthink these things if you like a

990
00:45:07,050 --> 00:45:04,330
program if it's sort of sparks something

991
00:45:09,650 --> 00:45:07,060
in you write to the professor write to

992
00:45:12,000 --> 00:45:09,660
the NASA Center seek these internships

993
00:45:14,670 --> 00:45:12,010
and then try to get your foot in the

994
00:45:17,430 --> 00:45:14,680
door in one of these labs and you will

995
00:45:21,090 --> 00:45:17,440
walk up from there but most importantly

996
00:45:23,010 --> 00:45:21,100
also create an internship for you that

997
00:45:26,070 --> 00:45:23,020
have your interests your best interests

998
00:45:27,600 --> 00:45:26,080
in heart and these could be people in

999
00:45:30,500 --> 00:45:27,610
your level your ear

1000
00:45:33,090 --> 00:45:30,510
these could be people with a mix of both

1001
00:45:36,090 --> 00:45:33,100
build your network and your mentorship

1002
00:45:38,910 --> 00:45:36,100
network early on and surround yourself

1003
00:45:42,030 --> 00:45:38,920
with people who will inspire you who

1004
00:45:45,090 --> 00:45:42,040
will share your dreams and who will join

1005
00:45:47,010 --> 00:45:45,100
them with you that's I think very

1006
00:45:51,600 --> 00:45:47,020
important for young scientists find a

1007
00:45:53,340 --> 00:45:51,610
good group that's yeah not feeling shy

1008
00:45:56,010 --> 00:45:53,350
knocking on doors and finding a mentor

1009
00:45:57,480 --> 00:45:56,020
is is essential none of us who are

1010
00:45:59,910 --> 00:45:57,490
professional astrobiologists did it on

1011
00:46:01,700 --> 00:45:59,920
our own why we all rely on mentors to

1012
00:46:04,880 --> 00:46:01,710
help us along the way

1013
00:46:07,680 --> 00:46:04,890
you mean I think we are we think that

1014
00:46:10,560 --> 00:46:07,690
successful people are always successful

1015
00:46:13,710 --> 00:46:10,570
but that's that's not very realistic you

1016
00:46:16,500 --> 00:46:13,720
know we we are there's a lot of pain and

1017
00:46:18,960 --> 00:46:16,510
suffering and heartache and blood and

1018
00:46:22,080 --> 00:46:18,970
sweat behind any success story that you

1019
00:46:24,150 --> 00:46:22,090
see so so if you hear answer is a no

1020
00:46:26,670 --> 00:46:24,160
don't take it personally just keep keep

1021
00:46:30,600 --> 00:46:26,680
keep at it don't give up on your dreams

1022
00:46:34,200 --> 00:46:30,610
never I couldn't say it in it a better

1023
00:46:36,450 --> 00:46:34,210
way the next question comes from at

1024
00:46:38,730 --> 00:46:36,460
próxima airball on twitter as well who

1025
00:46:40,740 --> 00:46:38,740
asks is it possible for a life form with

1026
00:46:42,330 --> 00:46:40,750
right-handed proteins in different

1027
00:46:45,470 --> 00:46:42,340
planets so as to do is the opposite

1028
00:46:48,210 --> 00:46:45,480
chirality as we have today on earth

1029
00:46:50,160 --> 00:46:48,220
interesting question there are there are

1030
00:46:52,310 --> 00:46:50,170
little Studies on that there's there is

1031
00:46:55,080 --> 00:46:52,320
we don't really understand why certain

1032
00:46:58,730 --> 00:46:55,090
chirality that we see today on earth is

1033
00:47:03,360 --> 00:46:58,740
selected what's worthy sort of drivers

1034
00:47:08,130 --> 00:47:03,370
or those selection I know what I know HD

1035
00:47:09,600 --> 00:47:08,140
on this topic Sarah poker and the quick

1036
00:47:12,390 --> 00:47:09,610
answer is we don't know exactly what's

1037
00:47:14,010 --> 00:47:12,400
orientation molecules that we see today

1038
00:47:14,970 --> 00:47:14,020
and whether they need to be necessary to

1039
00:47:18,660 --> 00:47:14,980
make for them to have the same

1040
00:47:22,400 --> 00:47:18,670
arrangement for them to be price to buy

1041
00:47:26,040 --> 00:47:22,410
for is create the conditions asking

1042
00:47:27,210 --> 00:47:26,050
thank you so many questions is fantastic

1043
00:47:28,170 --> 00:47:27,220
thank you so much everybody for a

1044
00:47:30,150 --> 00:47:28,180
syndrome

1045
00:47:33,090 --> 00:47:30,160
the next one comes from at stray

1046
00:47:34,830 --> 00:47:33,100
ologists who asks what subjects should

1047
00:47:37,350 --> 00:47:34,840
an individual be confident in for

1048
00:47:39,480 --> 00:47:37,360
studying ancient genes

1049
00:47:42,080 --> 00:47:39,490
interesting so

1050
00:47:44,370 --> 00:47:42,090
I would say because we start the

1051
00:47:48,690 --> 00:47:44,380
creation of th same genes in the lab

1052
00:47:51,210 --> 00:47:48,700
through pilot phylogenetics primarily my

1053
00:47:54,390 --> 00:47:51,220
PP want to understand the phylogeny

1054
00:47:57,750 --> 00:47:54,400
so the students that join regardless of

1055
00:48:00,210 --> 00:47:57,760
their background and be sort of work

1056
00:48:02,070 --> 00:48:00,220
with these Asian teams in one level its

1057
00:48:04,380 --> 00:48:02,080
engineering or not but if they are

1058
00:48:06,950 --> 00:48:04,390
interested in making these things in the

1059
00:48:09,780 --> 00:48:06,960
lab I would say evolutionary biology

1060
00:48:11,790 --> 00:48:09,790
phylogenetics and there's an excellent

1061
00:48:16,530 --> 00:48:11,800
workshop it moves whole marine

1062
00:48:18,810 --> 00:48:16,540
biological labs beeps it's called

1063
00:48:22,130 --> 00:48:18,820
molecular evolution and I think there is

1064
00:48:25,140 --> 00:48:22,140
a sister workshop in Greece in Europe

1065
00:48:27,560 --> 00:48:25,150
that also it takes place during the

1066
00:48:30,630 --> 00:48:27,570
summer probably not this summer I

1067
00:48:33,000 --> 00:48:30,640
encourage you to attend these workshops

1068
00:48:35,580 --> 00:48:33,010
they are usually two to three weeks

1069
00:48:38,850 --> 00:48:35,590
it's very intense but about ten day ten

1070
00:48:40,770 --> 00:48:38,860
hours a day you could and you learn how

1071
00:48:44,220 --> 00:48:40,780
trees are constructed and all the

1072
00:48:45,540 --> 00:48:44,230
algorithms behind it it's many times but

1073
00:48:48,410 --> 00:48:45,550
you get so much out of it in a very

1074
00:48:51,770 --> 00:48:48,420
short amount of time so I recommend

1075
00:48:56,640 --> 00:48:51,780
shops for anyone interested in

1076
00:49:00,349 --> 00:48:56,650
reconstructing accessible thank you so

1077
00:49:03,120 --> 00:49:00,359
next question by Anna Roop mohanty who

1078
00:49:04,880 --> 00:49:03,130
book asks the same question with

1079
00:49:06,780 --> 00:49:04,890
focusing on the technology around

1080
00:49:08,520 --> 00:49:06,790
reconstruction case indigenes what what

1081
00:49:15,330 --> 00:49:08,530
what toy is he used in the lab to do

1082
00:49:17,910 --> 00:49:15,340
that sequences he then send them into

1083
00:49:20,810 --> 00:49:17,920
these sequences to synthetic biology

1084
00:49:23,160 --> 00:49:20,820
companies so if you are in the end of

1085
00:49:28,500 --> 00:49:23,170
more biotechnology you could have your

1086
00:49:30,750 --> 00:49:28,510
own biology company and it's us and make

1087
00:49:32,250 --> 00:49:30,760
these genes for us right so there are I

1088
00:49:34,349 --> 00:49:32,260
think right now four or five main

1089
00:49:35,190 --> 00:49:34,359
companies that we work with in the

1090
00:49:38,730 --> 00:49:35,200
United States

1091
00:49:42,030 --> 00:49:38,740
once we infer in silico but these

1092
00:49:44,099 --> 00:49:42,040
sequences are or might be if it an order

1093
00:49:45,630 --> 00:49:44,109
these genes so at that point we moved

1094
00:49:48,270 --> 00:49:45,640
from reconstruction which is

1095
00:49:51,520 --> 00:49:48,280
computational to resurrection which is

1096
00:49:53,440 --> 00:49:51,530
more experimental so the

1097
00:49:55,270 --> 00:49:53,450
this is multiple levels because we also

1098
00:49:58,450 --> 00:49:55,280
engineered genomes and we use different

1099
00:50:00,400 --> 00:49:58,460
systems to engineer microbial genomes if

1100
00:50:04,120 --> 00:50:00,410
you're gonna do biochemistry usually

1101
00:50:06,190 --> 00:50:04,130
order down the circular gene or

1102
00:50:07,750 --> 00:50:06,200
expression what not so the person who is

1103
00:50:09,850 --> 00:50:07,760
asking this might be familiar with these

1104
00:50:11,620 --> 00:50:09,860
applications if it is for genome

1105
00:50:13,870 --> 00:50:11,630
engineering depending on the method that

1106
00:50:15,040 --> 00:50:13,880
we use we order linear DNA or again

1107
00:50:18,720 --> 00:50:15,050
circular

1108
00:50:22,660 --> 00:50:18,730
you know constructed we are going to be

1109
00:50:24,160 --> 00:50:22,670
using later on so so the key is then to

1110
00:50:26,440 --> 00:50:24,170
know exactly what your application is

1111
00:50:28,630 --> 00:50:26,450
maybe and it's also important to note

1112
00:50:30,430 --> 00:50:28,640
that we optimize these sequences for the

1113
00:50:33,940 --> 00:50:30,440
organism that people use these organ

1114
00:50:35,800 --> 00:50:33,950
these sequences for so say if you're

1115
00:50:38,590 --> 00:50:35,810
gonna use coli these are the gene

1116
00:50:41,950 --> 00:50:38,600
sequences are optimized for e.coli what

1117
00:50:43,870 --> 00:50:41,960
in its mmm-hmm thank you the next

1118
00:50:48,550 --> 00:50:43,880
question comes from Julia the marina's

1119
00:50:50,050 --> 00:50:48,560
Sun cigarette yes who asks what was the

1120
00:50:52,630 --> 00:50:50,060
most challenging part about

1121
00:51:00,820 --> 00:50:52,640
reconstructing reconstructing ancestral

1122
00:51:05,370 --> 00:51:00,830
DNA in e.coli that was not down deep or

1123
00:51:10,770 --> 00:51:08,710
genome itself will communicate with this

1124
00:51:13,750 --> 00:51:10,780
ancient gene I am putting in so to speak

1125
00:51:16,660 --> 00:51:13,760
so that was difficult for me but I I

1126
00:51:18,520 --> 00:51:16,670
think any engineer knows this and I did

1127
00:51:20,170 --> 00:51:18,530
this is biological level that you will

1128
00:51:21,820 --> 00:51:20,180
try a million things and one of them

1129
00:51:24,070 --> 00:51:21,830
will work in your jobs to find out one

1130
00:51:28,450 --> 00:51:24,080
thing that works so I would say there

1131
00:51:32,260 --> 00:51:28,460
was a for mental aspect to know okay am

1132
00:51:34,690 --> 00:51:32,270
I just sort of in Turkey we say you're

1133
00:51:37,710 --> 00:51:34,700
only in your boat on a on a rock you

1134
00:51:41,050 --> 00:51:37,720
know like just am I just imagining this

1135
00:51:43,330 --> 00:51:41,060
just never work or did I not try the

1136
00:51:46,870 --> 00:51:43,340
right method yet so it took me about a

1137
00:51:48,760 --> 00:51:46,880
year and a half to do it which is long

1138
00:51:50,890 --> 00:51:48,770
if you think that that's all I did I did

1139
00:51:54,220 --> 00:51:50,900
not take any weekends off I was in the

1140
00:51:56,050 --> 00:51:54,230
lab entire time and again switching from

1141
00:51:58,480 --> 00:51:56,060
biochemistry to microbiology and

1142
00:52:00,240 --> 00:51:58,490
genomics may have something to do with

1143
00:52:02,530 --> 00:52:00,250
this because it's a completely new skill

1144
00:52:05,019 --> 00:52:02,540
but at the end of the day I told myself

1145
00:52:08,140 --> 00:52:05,029
you know I had a giant Muhammad Ali

1146
00:52:10,120 --> 00:52:08,150
posture in the lab that's that not only

1147
00:52:13,719 --> 00:52:10,130
I knocked the mouth but I picked around

1148
00:52:16,419 --> 00:52:13,729
and and I thought you know I keep it up

1149
00:52:18,759 --> 00:52:16,429
like this is it I'll do it and it worked

1150
00:52:20,620 --> 00:52:18,769
and now you're doing it in material

1151
00:52:23,289 --> 00:52:20,630
engineering it engineering is ancient

1152
00:52:25,809 --> 00:52:23,299
genes and in e.coli now so the bacteria

1153
00:52:28,899 --> 00:52:25,819
the cyanobacteria you know you name it

1154
00:52:32,140 --> 00:52:28,909
we get it to work is that poster in your

1155
00:52:33,699 --> 00:52:32,150
grad students lab now no no you know

1156
00:52:38,739 --> 00:52:33,709
that poster is in a box somewhere

1157
00:52:42,130 --> 00:52:38,749
because I'm still unpacking Tom Caruso

1158
00:52:44,140 --> 00:52:42,140
on Facebook asks at at last summer's

1159
00:52:47,439 --> 00:52:44,150
conference at the earth Life Science

1160
00:52:50,199 --> 00:52:47,449
Institute at Tokyo they addressed moving

1161
00:52:51,519 --> 00:52:50,209
from a disordered system to an ordered

1162
00:52:54,909 --> 00:52:51,529
functioning state so moving from

1163
00:52:56,679 --> 00:52:54,919
geochemistry to biochemistry how does

1164
00:53:00,009 --> 00:52:56,689
your research connect moving from jus

1165
00:53:01,899 --> 00:53:00,019
chemistry to biochemistry and a topic of

1166
00:53:03,579 --> 00:53:01,909
molecular signaling between system

1167
00:53:08,380 --> 00:53:03,589
components responding to a change in the

1168
00:53:09,489 --> 00:53:08,390
environment we don't necessarily refer

1169
00:53:12,489 --> 00:53:09,499
to these systems as wholly clear

1170
00:53:15,909 --> 00:53:12,499
signaling but I will say that we have

1171
00:53:18,219 --> 00:53:15,919
this whole emerging area of work in my

1172
00:53:20,769 --> 00:53:18,229
group and I worked exact Atlantis

1173
00:53:23,169 --> 00:53:20,779
primarily that's all the things I told

1174
00:53:25,299 --> 00:53:23,179
you about so far focused on life right

1175
00:53:26,890 --> 00:53:25,309
life life life even the simplest form is

1176
00:53:30,189 --> 00:53:26,900
all about life but then if you think

1177
00:53:32,709 --> 00:53:30,199
about our planet is about 4.5 billions

1178
00:53:34,989 --> 00:53:32,719
of years old and like I say all this is

1179
00:53:38,849 --> 00:53:34,999
3.8 depending on which data are you

1180
00:53:42,939 --> 00:53:38,859
trusting 2.81 5.1 somewhere out there so

1181
00:53:44,769 --> 00:53:42,949
before life happened there is a state

1182
00:53:46,449 --> 00:53:44,779
that is completely abiotic these

1183
00:53:48,399 --> 00:53:46,459
chemicals are still around us but we

1184
00:53:50,739 --> 00:53:48,409
also have life on top of that so we want

1185
00:53:53,859 --> 00:53:50,749
to know how that abiotic system

1186
00:53:55,689 --> 00:53:53,869
transitions into a biological system and

1187
00:53:57,729 --> 00:53:55,699
the biological system that we think

1188
00:53:59,829 --> 00:53:57,739
about is beyond genomes it's beyond

1189
00:54:01,989 --> 00:53:59,839
replication it's beyond basically

1190
00:54:04,539 --> 00:54:01,999
anything that we can see in the right

1191
00:54:08,919 --> 00:54:04,549
now but it's more about organization and

1192
00:54:11,880 --> 00:54:08,929
and maintenance as a secondary component

1193
00:54:14,859 --> 00:54:11,890
in this organized system structure so I

1194
00:54:18,700 --> 00:54:14,869
published a paper in complexity about

1195
00:54:21,550 --> 00:54:18,710
last year that we described

1196
00:54:24,370 --> 00:54:21,560
how the Velarde complex the components

1197
00:54:26,830 --> 00:54:24,380
that we need to detect and observe in

1198
00:54:29,620 --> 00:54:26,840
early chemical environments for them to

1199
00:54:31,870 --> 00:54:29,630
be pinned as biological right so that's

1200
00:54:35,050 --> 00:54:31,880
the that's the real question here that

1201
00:54:39,040 --> 00:54:35,060
how do you take a suit that is just

1202
00:54:40,630 --> 00:54:39,050
chemistry and then infer or predict

1203
00:54:42,610 --> 00:54:40,640
whether there's gonna be life coming out

1204
00:54:44,650 --> 00:54:42,620
of this and by life I don't mean you

1205
00:54:47,040 --> 00:54:44,660
know if dinosaur poking out of your test

1206
00:54:49,510 --> 00:54:47,050
tube I'm talking about you know a

1207
00:54:51,610 --> 00:54:49,520
biological organization so that's the

1208
00:54:54,310 --> 00:54:51,620
work we're doing right now you're

1209
00:54:57,610 --> 00:54:54,320
looking at hierarchical structures of

1210
00:55:00,040 --> 00:54:57,620
early chemical components and how they

1211
00:55:02,500 --> 00:55:00,050
may be arranging themselves for for them

1212
00:55:05,770 --> 00:55:02,510
to be pins as a biological organism at

1213
00:55:07,180 --> 00:55:05,780
the crux of the very transition and I

1214
00:55:09,910 --> 00:55:07,190
don't know who asked this but send me an

1215
00:55:11,920 --> 00:55:09,920
email because your question was me I was

1216
00:55:13,300 --> 00:55:11,930
Tom Caruso on Facebook thank you

1217
00:55:17,080 --> 00:55:13,310
real great answer to a great question

1218
00:55:18,550 --> 00:55:17,090
next question comes from @cr a car on

1219
00:55:21,100 --> 00:55:18,560
twitter who asks perhaps more

1220
00:55:26,790 --> 00:55:21,110
fundamentally as an organism needs to

1221
00:55:32,680 --> 00:55:30,880
without which nothing that's we need to

1222
00:55:33,940 --> 00:55:32,690
constrain our search for life in our

1223
00:55:36,730 --> 00:55:33,950
definition for life in the universe

1224
00:55:41,040 --> 00:55:36,740
based on what we see on planet earth and

1225
00:55:45,460 --> 00:55:41,050
the planetary life is depending on water

1226
00:55:47,290 --> 00:55:45,470
is it required I'm gonna say no because

1227
00:55:48,700 --> 00:55:47,300
I want to believe right I want to

1228
00:55:50,200 --> 00:55:48,710
believe in different possibilities and

1229
00:55:51,700 --> 00:55:50,210
there are different there could be

1230
00:55:53,830 --> 00:55:51,710
different alternatives to these people

1231
00:55:55,900 --> 00:55:53,840
been proposing for my chemistry or I

1232
00:55:57,850 --> 00:55:55,910
recommend you read look into those

1233
00:56:00,040 --> 00:55:57,860
papers they're very interesting but so

1234
00:56:04,570 --> 00:56:00,050
far is life as we know it depends on

1235
00:56:07,390 --> 00:56:04,580
water and we need to rely on what we

1236
00:56:10,050 --> 00:56:07,400
have right now primarily when we look

1237
00:56:13,540 --> 00:56:10,060
for life elsewhere in the universe

1238
00:56:16,390 --> 00:56:13,550
thank you Andrew planet on say Gannett

1239
00:56:19,890 --> 00:56:16,400
asks is it possible that the exchange of

1240
00:56:23,680 --> 00:56:19,900
genetic information evolves or happened

1241
00:56:29,440 --> 00:56:23,690
before asexual reproduction oh is it the

1242
00:56:31,450 --> 00:56:29,450
other way around so there are many

1243
00:56:32,349 --> 00:56:31,460
things happening in the early life right

1244
00:56:33,819 --> 00:56:32,359
even though the

1245
00:56:36,220 --> 00:56:33,829
the focus of life happened there is no

1246
00:56:37,809 --> 00:56:36,230
life life happens but there's a lot of

1247
00:56:40,269 --> 00:56:37,819
things happening beats me it was a big

1248
00:56:41,739 --> 00:56:40,279
dramatic time and the main thing about

1249
00:56:43,930 --> 00:56:41,749
these major transitions in their

1250
00:56:46,479 --> 00:56:43,940
emergence of you know either

1251
00:56:49,809 --> 00:56:46,489
evolution of sex or major transitions

1252
00:56:51,849 --> 00:56:49,819
you know multicellularity and all that I

1253
00:56:54,940 --> 00:56:51,859
think we sort of don't think about the

1254
00:56:57,609 --> 00:56:54,950
transitions that's where predated life

1255
00:56:59,769 --> 00:56:57,619
there's transitions there too that's how

1256
00:57:01,539 --> 00:56:59,779
I think about it so we think about

1257
00:57:05,680 --> 00:57:01,549
classic Universal common ancestor and

1258
00:57:07,269 --> 00:57:05,690
what it was capable of right it was a it

1259
00:57:09,640 --> 00:57:07,279
being able to create some sort of

1260
00:57:11,019 --> 00:57:09,650
ecosystem with its surroundings but we

1261
00:57:13,059 --> 00:57:11,029
are more interested in understanding

1262
00:57:15,999 --> 00:57:13,069
what happened before the last Universal

1263
00:57:18,569 --> 00:57:16,009
common ancestor so I will say that yes

1264
00:57:21,099 --> 00:57:18,579
life has to exchange information

1265
00:57:23,410 --> 00:57:21,109
probably in the form of genetics as we

1266
00:57:25,720 --> 00:57:23,420
see today but I argue that problem was

1267
00:57:29,589 --> 00:57:25,730
much simpler but that doesn't mean

1268
00:57:37,420 --> 00:57:29,599
simple before Luca and before all the

1269
00:57:39,420 --> 00:57:37,430
production that we see later on so

1270
00:57:41,650 --> 00:57:39,430
there's a big jump in complexity between

1271
00:57:43,870 --> 00:57:41,660
reconstructing ancient genes and

1272
00:57:46,539 --> 00:57:43,880
recreating Jurassic Park right but

1273
00:57:48,609 --> 00:57:46,549
nonetheless Rohan's shirodkar great

1274
00:57:50,829 --> 00:57:48,619
question on Sagan and asks using this

1275
00:57:52,359 --> 00:57:50,839
tool of paleogenetics will you be

1276
00:58:00,509 --> 00:57:52,369
interested in working on a project to

1277
00:58:03,849 --> 00:58:00,519
bring back the woolly mammoth No right

1278
00:58:08,769 --> 00:58:06,819
the next question is by Graham Lau my

1279
00:58:11,380 --> 00:58:08,779
co-host here on ask an astrobiologist

1280
00:58:13,539 --> 00:58:11,390
and he asked the following question you

1281
00:58:16,989 --> 00:58:13,549
teach a class of the science of Star

1282
00:58:18,880 --> 00:58:16,999
Trek can you speak to how science

1283
00:58:24,370 --> 00:58:18,890
fiction gets the science right or wrong

1284
00:58:25,960 --> 00:58:24,380
with regard to your own research I

1285
00:58:27,849 --> 00:58:25,970
should have seen this coming

1286
00:58:30,400 --> 00:58:27,859
so yes I teach a molecular biology of

1287
00:58:34,029 --> 00:58:30,410
Star Trek course and I will be teaching

1288
00:58:35,739 --> 00:58:34,039
it again in his 2021 so the reason why I

1289
00:58:37,989 --> 00:58:35,749
picked Star Trek is that it's not just

1290
00:58:40,989 --> 00:58:37,999
in science fiction and Graham knows this

1291
00:58:43,830 --> 00:58:40,999
as well that's there is a lot of ethical

1292
00:58:48,020 --> 00:58:43,840
conundrum involved there's a lot of also

1293
00:58:50,900 --> 00:58:48,030
Acuras I think Star Trek all the sci-fi

1294
00:58:53,580 --> 00:58:50,910
TV series or movies that I watched got

1295
00:58:57,000 --> 00:58:53,590
science so accurately despite the fact

1296
00:58:59,400 --> 00:58:57,010
that it was decades ago so I picked Star

1297
00:59:02,850 --> 00:58:59,410
Trek primarily to expose molecular

1298
00:59:04,740 --> 00:59:02,860
biology freshman students to original

1299
00:59:06,270 --> 00:59:04,750
pipe in Astro well the questions and I

1300
00:59:08,520 --> 00:59:06,280
think it's actually worked out fine

1301
00:59:10,590 --> 00:59:08,530
because again Star Trek I think does a

1302
00:59:12,330 --> 00:59:10,600
really good job of synthesizing a lot of

1303
00:59:15,780 --> 00:59:12,340
different components could talk about

1304
00:59:18,630 --> 00:59:15,790
what life is and and we were talking

1305
00:59:21,090 --> 00:59:18,640
about whether data is life or not

1306
00:59:23,940 --> 00:59:21,100
whether we have the right to an Istanbul

1307
00:59:26,370 --> 00:59:23,950
data even though it's an AI right so

1308
00:59:28,650 --> 00:59:26,380
it's this really I think was interesting

1309
00:59:30,870 --> 00:59:28,660
for the students so I find a lot of

1310
00:59:34,440 --> 00:59:30,880
similarities a lot of inspiration like I

1311
00:59:37,350 --> 00:59:34,450
seek inspiration from sci-fi when I do

1312
00:59:40,530 --> 00:59:37,360
my work as well but I also separates

1313
00:59:42,540 --> 00:59:40,540
science fiction pro science very sharply

1314
00:59:45,980 --> 00:59:42,550
I think it's very important that we

1315
00:59:48,330 --> 00:59:45,990
don't treat a scientific field

1316
00:59:51,600 --> 00:59:48,340
even though maybe here because of the

1317
00:59:52,860 --> 00:59:51,610
size sci-fi inspiration and etc but I

1318
00:59:54,810 --> 00:59:52,870
think it's very important that we

1319
00:59:57,330 --> 00:59:54,820
appreciate and recognize science men

1320
00:59:58,830 --> 00:59:57,340
seeds and especially for the future of

1321
01:00:02,220 --> 00:59:58,840
our fields we need to make that

1322
01:00:03,540 --> 01:00:02,230
distinction very very clear could a

1323
01:00:05,280 --> 01:00:03,550
fist-sized more science fiction is a

1324
01:00:09,390 --> 01:00:05,290
great way to get inspired to do science

1325
01:00:10,590 --> 01:00:09,400
but it is not science at all so can you

1326
01:00:12,180 --> 01:00:10,600
believe we've been talking for one hour

1327
01:00:13,980 --> 01:00:12,190
already and there's just so many

1328
01:00:15,180 --> 01:00:13,990
questions so if it's okay with you I

1329
01:00:18,150 --> 01:00:15,190
would like to take three more questions

1330
01:00:19,830 --> 01:00:18,160
and then we'll wrap things up thank you

1331
01:00:21,090 --> 01:00:19,840
so much really appreciate it really

1332
01:00:24,630 --> 01:00:21,100
grateful for your time I know you're

1333
01:00:27,330 --> 01:00:24,640
very busy so Gaurav Yadav on Facebook

1334
01:00:29,280 --> 01:00:27,340
asks can the lipid profile study of

1335
01:00:31,590 --> 01:00:29,290
extremophiles on earth be used to

1336
01:00:37,980 --> 01:00:31,600
identify bio signatures for past life on

1337
01:00:45,570 --> 01:00:37,990
extraterrestrial planets my colleague

1338
01:00:47,910 --> 01:00:45,580
the lender Stanford's paper came out few

1339
01:00:49,500 --> 01:00:47,920
months ago they are studying the

1340
01:00:52,650 --> 01:00:49,510
potential of lipids as bio signatures

1341
01:00:54,540 --> 01:00:52,660
and there's interest in that group and

1342
01:00:57,440 --> 01:00:54,550
also the group that she came from at MIT

1343
01:00:59,630 --> 01:00:57,450
rather some assume that studies

1344
01:01:01,700 --> 01:00:59,640
the potential of finding spire

1345
01:01:05,270 --> 01:01:01,710
signatures on Mars so I would like to

1346
01:01:06,770 --> 01:01:05,280
direct questions words that those

1347
01:01:09,230 --> 01:01:06,780
researchers that actually study these

1348
01:01:11,599 --> 01:01:09,240
things that researchers poll are we

1349
01:01:14,270 --> 01:01:11,609
lender is that Stanford University

1350
01:01:18,589 --> 01:01:14,280
next question is by Amit Carrie ke run

1351
01:01:21,290 --> 01:01:18,599
on Facebook who asks do does does life

1352
01:01:23,060 --> 01:01:21,300
need to be carbon-based what other

1353
01:01:27,650 --> 01:01:23,070
elements could could could we possibly

1354
01:01:29,270 --> 01:01:27,660
think of I've never met anyone who did

1355
01:01:30,680 --> 01:01:29,280
not watch Star Trek who could ask this

1356
01:01:34,550 --> 01:01:30,690
question right so this is why we one

1357
01:01:38,089 --> 01:01:34,560
side by the curiosity among this but I

1358
01:01:40,819 --> 01:01:38,099
also again this is my - similar question

1359
01:01:43,730 --> 01:01:40,829
to whether water is the absolute need if

1360
01:01:46,940 --> 01:01:43,740
life is you know is only possible based

1361
01:01:50,180 --> 01:01:46,950
on elements that we detect and find and

1362
01:01:51,890 --> 01:01:50,190
Carmela soprano so so far that's that's

1363
01:01:53,599 --> 01:01:51,900
what at least we'll be able to find

1364
01:01:58,250 --> 01:01:53,609
between technologies and techniques that

1365
01:02:02,210 --> 01:01:58,260
you're developing here looking like my

1366
01:02:03,770 --> 01:02:02,220
words I'll be surprised yeah thank you

1367
01:02:06,650 --> 01:02:03,780
great questions thank you very much

1368
01:02:09,200 --> 01:02:06,660
so last question is by a microphone on

1369
01:02:11,720 --> 01:02:09,210
Twitter who treats us as McCoy who asks

1370
01:02:14,900 --> 01:02:11,730
you spoke about how a single molecule

1371
01:02:16,880 --> 01:02:14,910
can have planetary scale impacts we're

1372
01:02:18,859 --> 01:02:16,890
seeing something like that today was the

1373
01:02:21,140 --> 01:02:18,869
virus right now is there a way to

1374
01:02:23,720 --> 01:02:21,150
predict which small pieces of

1375
01:02:29,200 --> 01:02:23,730
information can or cannot have huge

1376
01:02:31,760 --> 01:02:29,210
effects on a system like a planet hmm so

1377
01:02:35,210 --> 01:02:31,770
always very fascinating that's also the

1378
01:02:37,160 --> 01:02:35,220
video card so we are not there lot of

1379
01:02:40,660 --> 01:02:37,170
studies word prediction in multiple

1380
01:02:43,040 --> 01:02:40,670
levels especially resistance

1381
01:02:46,460 --> 01:02:43,050
scientists who study the resistance of

1382
01:02:50,510 --> 01:02:46,470
exports antibiotics have been thinking

1383
01:02:53,380 --> 01:02:50,520
and building systems that may answer the

1384
01:02:55,670 --> 01:02:53,390
predictability component of life and I

1385
01:02:58,010 --> 01:02:55,680
may be familiar with Stephen Jay Gould

1386
01:02:59,599 --> 01:02:58,020
playing a table I have experiments

1387
01:03:03,050 --> 01:02:59,609
whether it be people be ending it the

1388
01:03:04,579 --> 01:03:03,060
same at the same biota that we see

1389
01:03:07,040 --> 01:03:04,589
around us today if B Bert repeats

1390
01:03:08,630 --> 01:03:07,050
everything that happens on earth so that

1391
01:03:10,340 --> 01:03:08,640
there's a predictability component there

1392
01:03:13,730 --> 01:03:10,350
that you may appreciate it it's embedded

1393
01:03:15,890 --> 01:03:13,740
there that being said does there's a lot

1394
01:03:20,120 --> 01:03:15,900
of computational needs and we need to

1395
01:03:23,450 --> 01:03:20,130
first of all understand Li what sort of

1396
01:03:24,980 --> 01:03:23,460
circumstances give rise to the sort of

1397
01:03:27,410 --> 01:03:24,990
invasions right we need to understand

1398
01:03:31,010 --> 01:03:27,420
the past so to speak if we were to

1399
01:03:33,140 --> 01:03:31,020
understand or come close to predicting

1400
01:03:35,060 --> 01:03:33,150
what may happen the challenge with the

1401
01:03:37,550 --> 01:03:35,070
prediction is that environment changes

1402
01:03:39,320 --> 01:03:37,560
right environment evolves so you need to

1403
01:03:41,710 --> 01:03:39,330
predict the environment which is really

1404
01:03:45,140 --> 01:03:41,720
really hard

1405
01:03:48,110 --> 01:03:45,150
thank you are there any more questions

1406
01:03:49,790 --> 01:03:48,120
they are but how to be respectful of

1407
01:03:51,500 --> 01:03:49,800
your time I thank you that you thank you

1408
01:03:52,460 --> 01:03:51,510
so much for for chatting with us there

1409
01:03:55,010 --> 01:03:52,470
it's been an incredible incredible

1410
01:03:57,980 --> 01:03:55,020
conversation of yours have turned out in

1411
01:03:59,900 --> 01:03:57,990
large numbers in supporting you and and

1412
01:04:02,090 --> 01:03:59,910
being fascinated by what your research

1413
01:04:04,790 --> 01:04:02,100
thank you so much um so for those of you

1414
01:04:06,230 --> 01:04:04,800
are watching we've before we call it out

1415
01:04:08,360 --> 01:04:06,240
for those of you are watching remember

1416
01:04:09,680 --> 01:04:08,370
that about the astrobiology graphics

1417
01:04:11,860 --> 01:04:09,690
series that I was talking about in the

1418
01:04:14,270 --> 01:04:11,870
beginning of the episode so there is a

1419
01:04:17,450 --> 01:04:14,280
short premiere happening this Thursday

1420
01:04:19,520 --> 01:04:17,460
that it's graphic novel that dr. Aaron

1421
01:04:21,050 --> 01:04:19,530
gold wrong style is writing is there

1422
01:04:23,390 --> 01:04:21,060
behind the scene look at what it takes

1423
01:04:25,490 --> 01:04:23,400
to make those those graphic novels and

1424
01:04:26,690 --> 01:04:25,500
the two features quite a bit in them so

1425
01:04:29,000 --> 01:04:26,700
make sure you check that out

1426
01:04:34,580 --> 01:04:29,010
I think it's on Thursday Mike will put

1427
01:04:36,770 --> 01:04:34,590
up a link for the moment and I don't

1428
01:04:40,430 --> 01:04:36,780
forget you can download all these these

1429
01:04:42,080 --> 01:04:40,440
for free so talk to say could a dating

1430
01:04:44,300 --> 01:04:42,090
material this is an incredible

1431
01:04:46,070 --> 01:04:44,310
conversation I'm really grateful for

1432
01:04:47,720 --> 01:04:46,080
those of you are watching thank you

1433
01:04:49,130 --> 01:04:47,730
again please shared ask an

1434
01:04:51,200 --> 01:04:49,140
astrobiologist your friends colleagues

1435
01:04:52,820 --> 01:04:51,210
and everybody that you that follows you

1436
01:04:54,830 --> 01:04:52,830
online this show could not be possible

1437
01:04:56,780 --> 01:04:54,840
without you so we look forward to

1438
01:04:58,760 --> 01:04:56,790
welcoming you next month when episode of

1439
01:05:02,650 --> 01:04:58,770
ask and astrobiologists and until then

1440
01:05:42,560 --> 01:05:02,660
stay curious but you'll thank you